US Leading in Government Deficits

Two weeks ago, I wrote a post about US national debt and deficits and concluded that past governments have put our country in a very tough place with few good options that could restore economic growth. Some friends wondered whether the US is alone is this distinction. So I found some IMF data to compare the US against other key countries.

The first line in the table below gives you US information. After averaging annual government deficits of 3.5% of GDP from 1999 to 2008, the deficit is now 4% in 2017. Thus the deficit is now worse. We had deficits in all 7 years since 2011 with the highest deficit in 2011 of 9.6%.

In all these categories, the US was worse than the EU and the other comparison countries. While all these countries are habitual debtors, Canada was slightly better since it had a surplus in one of those seven years. Germany had only two deficits in those seven years. Wunderbar!

When it comes to 2017, the US and Japan were tied with deficits of about 4% of GDP. Germany posted a surplus in that year of 0.6% of GDP. The UK, Canada, Italy, and the EU had deficits that were smaller (better) than 3% of GDP. The difference between 3% and 4% might seem small but remember we are taking these numbers as a percentage of GDP, which is $15 trillion in the USA. Also keep in mind that four is 33% higher (worse) than three. I next looked at a table with similar data for emerging markets and found that even this comparison is not good for the US. China, Russia, Mexico, Turkey and Romania among many others all had smaller (better) deficits than the US in 2017. Of course the US beat Brazil and Venezuela, Pakistan, and India. Way to go team!

The US stood out from the pack in having recorded the highest one-year budget deficit between 2011 and 2017. Japan came close with 9.1% and the UK's was 7.7%. The rest were virtually half or less than half of the US budget deficit.

Conclusion: the US tends to have larger deficits than other comparable world leaders -- both before the recession and after. We not only have larger persistent deficits but we also juice them higher when faced with a major recession. Apparently government deficits are our drug of choice.

I then found another table that compared the US to 39 other advanced nations. In 2017, there was not one single country with a budget deficit larger than the US deficit of 4% of GDP. There were 10 countries in 2017 that had surpluses: the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Latvia, South Korea, Macao, Iceland, Singapore, Hong Kong, Norway, and New Zealand. These countries typically have budget surpluses.

The US has a deficit problem whether we compare the numbers in dollars, in percent of GDP, in one year or over many. It is clear from looking at 40 major industrial countries that such behavior is neither typical nor desirable. We are hooked on the government spending drug. I think we need an AA meeting.

Budget Data for Selected Countries and Regions
Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook, April 2017, Table A8.
Key:
2017: Budget position in 2017. Minus indicates deficit.
Fiscal Year 2017 ends September 30, 2017
99 to 08: the average budget position from 1999 to 2008
Change: Change from that average to 2017
# Defs 11 to17: How many deficits from 2011 to 2017
Highest 11 to 17: Highest annual deficit from 2011 to 2017

	2017	99 to 08	Change	# Defs	Highest
				11 to 17	11 to 17
US	-4.0	-3.5	Worse	7	-9.6
EU	-1.5	-2.0	Better	7	-4.2
Germany	0.6	-2.1	Better	2	-1.0
France	-3.2	-2.6	Worse	7	-5.1
Italy	-2.4	-2.9	Better	7	-3.7
Japan	-4.0	-5.5	Better	7	-9.1
UK	-2.8	-1.9	Worse	7	-7.7
Canada	-2.4	1.1	Worse	6	-3.3

Happy July 4, 2017

When I was a kid my father used to lament that he could no longer get a Chinese meal for 25 cents. Born in 1915, he lived through the Great Depression and served in World War II. It was not easy for me to understand him because so much had changed in the 50 or so years between when he had been born and when I was a teenager. Now I am the old dude, and it dawned on me how much time has passed and how much "distance" there is between my world and that of my grandkids.

I think of that on the 4^th of July 2017. Today I think of that distance as most of us seem to agree that our national problems couldn’t be worse. Most of us can’t even mention politics among family and friends for fear of starting a fight. But then it dawned on me that just like it shaped my father, time and experience have given me a perspective. I forget it most of the time but on the 4^th of July, it is worth thinking about.

In elementary school, we practiced air raids by hiding under our desks in case the Soviets decided to attack us. At Ponce de Leon Junior High School in Miami, we held our collective breath as a Soviet ship carried missiles toward Cuba. Jackie Robinson had to stay in a different hotel from his white Dodgers team mates. Cassius Clay changed his name to Muhammad Ali and later spent time in prison for saying what he believed. Elvis changed from serious musician to Vegas entertainer, and Bob Dylan gave up his acoustic guitar for an electric one. I played little vinyl records on a phonograph at 45 speed, and our landline was a party-line with a human operator at one end whose name was not Alexa. I used to give my punch-card computer programs in a cardboard box to a guy called the computer operator who laughingly told me that the turn-around time would be 24 hours. Ya'll, come back tomorrow. 

The point? A lot of water has gone under the bridge. How can my grandchildren understand anything I say when I used to watch my mother hang clothes on something called a clothesline after scrubbing them on a washboard? But the truth is that on 7/4/17, much has not really changed. Today we have very challenging economic and social problems. We still find ourselves in a very scary world where our leaders cannot trust the bad guys to not make trouble. Technology both thrills and worries us. Driverless cars? Robots? Artificial intelligence? These and other innovations both fascinate and threaten. I recall one colleague telling me right after the Soviet Union fell that the future of the world would henceforth be peaceful. What was he smoking? Change is the only constant we will ever know, and any generation that thinks tranquility or the end of the world is right around the corner is fooling themselves.

The point? Lean back and take a big drag. This is as good as it gets. Appreciate the now for what it really is. Our current President doesn’t look or act like John F. Kennedy. But Kennedy almost got us all blown away playing chicken with Nikita Khrushchev, and he showed he wasn’t very adept when he messed up the Bay of Pigs invasion. Iran, North Korea, and China are threatening but we have lived through plenty of menacing situations, not to mention the the Vietnam War, Cuban Revolution, Korean War, WWII, WWI, and so on.

The economy is nothing to write home about today. But the ups and downs of the 1970s were no fun either. As we exited WWII, most people were pretty sure we would fall back into the Great Depression once the government spending stimulus for the war was retracted. While we are not now setting records for economic growth, we haven’t had a recession in almost nine years. I think we had two  recessions in every decade since the 1950s.

We worry about low inflation and interest rates. True, they have their negatives. But many of us remember rising inflation and mortgaging our first homes at double-digit interest rates. We didn’t have to take a finance course to understand the power of compound interest.

What’s the point today? The point is that we should give our family and friends a big high-five as we enjoy the birthday of America. Our land is not perfect and it is far from being safe and strong. But it has been worse before and it will probably be worse again in the future. There has never been a time when all was well and we didn’t have important things to threaten us. Our land is what it always has been – a work in progress in a dangerous world. And thus, we will always have to be aware, mindful, and ready to act to preserve what we have.

Combine that truth with the larger truth of our freedoms. We have freedom to express and share our views. We have freedom to fashion solutions for tomorrow. We have freedom to argue and to be right sometimes and wrong other times. Today let’s worry less about our troubles and disagreements and kiss the ground that gives us so much. Tomorrow let's get back to the work of making things better. 

Raise your cups of JD to the 4th!

Mr. Tuna Goes to Washington

With healthcare and tax reform in reverse and the debt ceiling sagging, I thought it might be fun to create some perspective. This will seem silly compared to all the serious things politicians say to us but sometimes it may be helpful to step back and see the essence of the situation – the proverbial bull in the china shop.

Imagine the Tuna sitting in his ill-fitting Walmart suit at the Sixth National Bank of North Avenue. He is more nervous than usual waiting for the Vice President of Horrible Loans to arrive. Tuna has a large roll of toilet paper next to him on which he has written down all his past debts, current income, and expenses. He also has a good luck charm from his glory days of tackling swift runners like the Kilt.

Luckily, the VP is in a good mood and offers the Tuna a bowl of Starbuck’s finest blend and then the fun begins. How much debt do you have, Mr. Tuna? Please call me Charlie the Tuna. Okay, Mr. Charlie the Tuna, how much debt do you owe? A ton, sir. In US dollars, I owe about a million give or take a grouper or two. Wow – that’s a lot of debt. I see you are retired, how much do you earn, including Social Security benefits each year? Together the missus and I earn about $60,000 per year. Hmm, says the VP. How much do you spend each year? Well sir, we are quite frugal in our household. We try to not spend more than $100,000 per year, if you count Mrs. Tuna’s weekly mani-pedi.

Why are you here today, Mr Charlie the Tuna? Well, we need to buy some of that long-term healthcare stuff, and we also want to buy an Airstream travel trailer. So we are going to need another $300,000. Tuna is quite confident that he has answered all the VP’s question and is beaming with pride.

So let me summarize, says the VP. You owe a million now. You spend $40,000 more each year than you earn, and you now want to borrow another $300,000. Yup, that’s about it. Tuna is very optimistic that the both of them understand the situation perfectly.

Then the VP asks another series of questions. Is it possible that you could spend a little less money each year? For example, could you cut back on large rib-eye steaks? Or maybe end your subscription to Hustler Magazine, or maybe even not subscribe to HBO? Or maybe you could get a paper route to earn more money? Tuna is confused. All those things sound crazy. Cut back on large rib-eyes? Reduce his porn intake? Work more? Geez, the next thing the VP might ask him to do is run a mile in short pants.The Tuna stands up and tells that VP a thing or two. Surely there are other banks that would treat him more fairly.

Okay, I had an extra JD with my bagel this morning. But I swear to you that this silly little tuna tale is exactly what is going on (in sophisticated language) in Washington, DC. The Congressional Budget Office projects government spending, revenues, and debt from 2017 through 2027. These numbers are based on past legislation. National debt held by the public will rise from $15 trillion to $25 trillion – or from 78% of GDP to 89% in 2027. The 78% today is the largest since World War II. So debt is basically huge today and promises to get much bigger even before we factor in proposed changes in infrastructure spending, tax reform, military spending, and so on. 

Government spending is also expected to grow – from about $4 trillion this year to $6.5 trillion in 2026. Taxes will also be rising but not fast enough. The federal government deficit will be about $600 billion in 2017 and without any new legislation will grow until it reaches $1.4 trillion in 2027. That means for every year between 2017 and 2027, yearly deficits will be somewhere between $600 billion and $1.4 trillion. That adds up!

These numbers are no better than the Tuna’s mythical situation above. This country is an economic train wreck. No wonder the economy is stuck in low gear. Our politicians put us in a no-win situation. If they raise taxes or reduce spending, we know that will have negative impacts that are nearly impossible to tolerate in this political climate. If they allow the debt numbers to rise even more, we could be the next Puerto Rico, and I don’t mean anything about rum.

That’s just the macro situation – it gets even uglier when we drill down to specifics. Senator A wants to spend more – not less – on defense. Senator B wants German Shepherds to have free health care. He won’t take a nickel away from any social program. Senator C says he loves old people and won’t threaten their ability to afford Mediterranean cruises nor will he touch spending on Medicare or Social Security. Senator D wants to reduce tax rates, and Senator E has a crush on Nancy Pelosi.

What’s the point of my rant? The harm has already been done, and our government officials do not recognize what is clear to many workers and business managers. Potential workers are staying out of the economic system. Firms are not investing in capital. The economy lags. Politicians give us technical crapola to divert our eyes and ears from what is real. What is real is that we are between a rock and a hard place, and the only salvation comes in ways that demand a first step backward. Someone is going to have to give up something. Few politicians will admit the truth because they fear they will lose their jobs. I don’t see any leaders out there. It will get worse before it gets better.

Merry Christmas from the Grinch. 

BTW. Charlie the Tuna didn't get the loan and decided to un-retire and run for the US Congress and swim with the big spenders.

Inflation and Rocky: Down But Not Out

The table below explains why people are saying, what’s up with inflation? In the decade including 2007 to 2016, the US inflation rate averaged 1.9% per year. If we compare that to any of the full decades from 1950 to 2010, that 1.9% is lower than any of the 10-year averages. The lowest annual inflation rate for a decade was the 2.3% of the 1950s. The 1.9% is also lower than the average annual rate of about 4.7% per year from 1950 to 2010.

What happened to inflation? Why is it so low? Are we in a new zone wherein low inflation is guaranteed for the foreseeable future? Or is it like Rocky and will bounce off the canvas once he clears his head?

Since only the Tuna knows the future for sure, I can’t really answer those questions. But a good place to start is with an understanding of tires and pumps. No just kidding. A good place to start is with some basic macro. And basic macro says Rocky might be wobbling right now but don’t count him down and out.

Inflation is the percentage change in prices for a nation. We use words like “basket of goods and services” to evoke the idea that inflation is not about the price of pickles or goat cheese. "Basket of goods and services" makes one think of all the goods and services the people of a country might typically buy. Inflation refers to how the cost of that basket of goods and services changes over time. If it cost $100 dollars one year and then rose to $105 the next year, we would call that a national inflation rate of 5%. If that same basket of goods and services fell to $104 in the next year, we would call that a deflation rate of about -1%.

You can see why people might worry about inflation. If your wages did not rise but the inflation rate was 5%, then you would feel poorer because your income would buy fewer goods and services. Ouch. The same goes for all your saving. If you have $1000 in the bank, it too will buy less because the cost of things went up. Double ouch.

That brings me to my first point. How could inflation rise by more than your wages? It doesn’t make much sense that it could go on very long. Sure, greedy businesses might want to raise their prices but if wages don’t rise and people can’t buy as much, then surely the price increases won’t stick for very long.

But look at the table. Inflation has kicked up many times and for as long as a decade or more. How is that possible? The first answer is government. The second is expectations.

Consider how government figures into this. Suppose firms raise prices but not wages. Consumers can't buy as much as before. The economy begins to slow. Governments don’t like recessions, so as the economy slows, the government decides to stimulate spending. Government stimulation thereby replaces the reduction in private spending with an increase. With spending restored, inflation sticks.

So firms raise prices again. What fun! Inflation is on a roll. Meanwhile workers are saying, what’s up? Dudes, you keep raising prices but not wages and we keep getting poorer. Cagey firms might then give in to wage demands. Notice that higher wages mean that workers can buy more and this keeps the inflation party going. But the trick for firms is to NOT raise wages enough to seriously damage their profits.  

For a while (much of the 1960s and part of the 1970s), workers got wage increases but they never quite caught up. And then viola!, workers figured it out and demanded a proper wage increase. In 1979, coal miners asked for a 39% wage increase for their coming three-year contract. Other workers followed. That was like taking a 2x4 to company profits and caused a couple of recessions in the beginning of the 1980s. Once workers expected higher inflation they wanted higher wages. This is the second impetus to higher inflation as firms pass along those new costs into even higher prices for goods and services. 

Those recessions created the incentive for the government to jump in again. Except by 1980 the government had accumulated an ugly national debt and wasn’t prepared to bail out the firms. No bailout? Without the bailout and with a weak economy, firms were much less apt to try to raise prices. The table shows the inflation rate moving in a better direction after 1980. With government stimulus and inflationary expectations falling, it made sense that actual inflation would decrease.

One more point that may seem to fly in the face of all the above. Milton Friedman coined the phrase "money, that's what I want". No wait, that was the Beatles. Forget that.  Friedman said, “inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.” Milton Friedman was not simplifying when he said the above. So we have to add a bit to our story to bring in money.

According to Friedman and other monetarists, a government is limited in how much it can stimulate spending. In the above storytelling, I glibly spoke the company line that a government deficit could be used to stimulate spending. But that idea exaggerates their powers. Government deficit spending is less powerful if people believe that a deficit will be temporary. The more people think that the government will soon either retract spending or raise taxes, the more they adjust their spending (downward) to that expected reality.

So it is not the government deficit itself that permits spending and inflation to increase. It is the act of the Central Bank monetizing the government debt that seals the deal. Government deficits cause interest rates to rise. The Central Bank reacts to those rising rates by flooding the economy with money. And that money is the magic grease to keep the spending and inflation going. The money is not the cherry on the top – the money is the ice cream, the cherry, the bowl, and the JD.

That brings us to today. Workers are too worried about a weak economy to push for higher wages. The government has no more bullets and can’t increase spending. Thus, inflation is at bay. But that’s not the whole story. The rest of the story is the money that is sitting in bank excess reserve accounts. So long as the money sits in those accounts, we are at risk of them turning into real loans and real spending power. It won’t take a huge change to get all that green moving. The Fed is scared to death to drain those reserves from the system. They are ready to be spent. The unemployment rate is down and labor markets are tightening worldwide. Thus workers will soon feel their oats and will be ready to jump on higher wages.

It won’t take a forest fire to get things started. Little bits of information flow that make us more optimistic about the future. That growing optimism combined with a forest full of money can suddenly spark a spending spree. And that could ignite inflation expectations and lead to workers demanding higher wages. None of that could happen without all that money sitting around. With government stimulus stuck in neutral, a stronger economy can't cause a sustainable rise in inflation. With government stimulus unchanged, inflationary expectations can't unleash a wave of higher wages. It's the money that is the risk today. With trillions of dollars in excess reserves, spending can expand elastically, wages can grow without limit, and inflation will rear its ugly head. To Janet Yellen: Get rid of that money before it comes back to bite us all. Let's keep Rocky on the mat. 

Inflation Rate of the

Consumer Price Index

By Decade (In Annual % Change)

1950s                           2.3

1960s                           3.1

1970s                         11.2

1980s                           5.9

1990s                           3.2

2000s                           2.7

2007 to 2016               1.9

CO2 Emissions by Country: What's Up?

As the Paris Accord consumes more of our attention, I thought it might be fun to look at some numbers. We know that countries will invest resources in policies designed to curb CO2 emissions. But we don’t know all the determinants of a country’s capacity to create CO2. My little data analysis comes up short with respect to a smoking gun. There is some interesting dirt, however.

I started out with a simple model that says that the amount of CO2 a country emits ought to have something to do with fundamentals like size of the economy, the population, and, of course, its number of cows. I look at these relationships and find some corroboration. But it is very clear from the data that there are other factors that are important. As the world moves forward with CO2 policies, it behooves us to be more clear about what actually causes CO2 to be high/low for a country. Clearly one-size-fits-all policies make no sense. 

The US was the world’s second largest CO2 emitter in 2015, behind only China. The next biggest emitters were India, Russia, Japan, Germany, Iran, South Korea, Canada and Saudi Arabia. (Table in million of metric tons, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_carbon_dioxide_emissions)

CO2s   Rank China 10642 1 US 5172 2 India 2454 3 Russia 1761 4 Japan 1253 5 Germany 778 6 Iran 633 7 Korea 617 8 Canada 555 9 Saudi Arabia 506 10

Guide to below tables. The order of each table's rows is in terms of CO2 emissions above. The rank found in the rank column in each table below refers to rank of the item being displayed. In this way we can quickly see how each of these factors correlates to a country's emissions. 

The size of the economy should have something to do with CO2 emission. And it seems to hold true since the US and China are very large emitters and have large economies. (World Bank, mostly 2015 data, nominal GDP in billions)

Economy     Billions        Rank China  11,158  2 US  18,037  1 India  2,116  5 Russia  1,326  8 Japan  4,383  3 Germany  3,364  4 Iran  425  10 Korea  1,378  7 Canada  1,553  6 Saudi Arabia  653  9

But this simple relationship between emissions and size of economy breaks down because Russia is the 8th largest economy but the 4th largest emitter. Iran, the 7th largest emitter, has the 10th largest economy. Its economy is tiny compared to the others.

Next, I calculated a statistic for each country that is found by dividing the amount of CO2 emitted by the size of the economy. If the economy size was the key explanation for how much a country emits, then the size of this stat should be similar for each country. 

C02 per Economy       Rank China 0.95 4 US 0.29 8 India 1.16 3 Russia 1.33 2 Japan 0.29 9 Germany 0.23 10 Iran 1.49 1 Korea 0.45 6 Canada 0.36 7 Saudi Arabia 0.77 5 Median 0.60

The US is the largest economy and the 8th largest emitter in terms of CO2 per nominal GDP, with a value of 0.29. Notice that value for the US is half the median country (0.6) value and about one-sixth the value of Iran’s value of 1.5. India’s CO2 output per unit of GDP is four times the US value. The US, Japan, and Germany are under-polluting (higher ranks) based on CO2 per GDP. Iran, Russia, India and China over-pollute relative to GDP.

This statistic varies a lot by country. Iran’s score is about four times that of the US. Russia’s is close to three times the US value. Germany has the lowest statistic of any of the 10 countries at 0.23. These numbers suggest that there is something other than the size of the economy that determines how high a country ranks on emission.

So naturally I turned to cows. Luckily there is data on cows by country and I calculated the emission of CO2s per cow in each of these countries.

Co2 per       Cow        Rank China 93 4 US 58 8 India 13 10 Russia 88 5 Japan 313 2 Germany 60 7 Iran 70 6 Korea 206 3 Canada 46 9 Saudi Arabia 1012 1

Again, the range was wide from a score of 1012 Co2s per cow for Saudi Arabia to a low of 13 for India. Perhaps the flatulence of Saudi cows is higher than those of Indian cows. But the message is clear. We cannot explain the ranking of emitters by number of cows. There must be something else.

The ranking of countries by population is almost identical to the ranking of emitters.

	Population			Rank
China		1.376	1
US		0.322	3
India		1.311	2
Russia		0.144	4
Japan		0.127	5
Germany		0.081	6
Iran		0.079	7
Korea		0.053	8
Canada		0.036	9
Saudi Arabia		0.032	10

(Population is in billions)

But higher population does not mean proportionally more emissions. When I calculate emissions per person for each country (table below), there is still a lot of variability from a value 16,073 for the US to only 1,872 for India. Emissions of countries with large populations like China and India are not proportional to population. Whew. Less populated countries like Saudi Arabia and Canada tend to have higher CO2 scores per person. More interesting are the US and Russia who have large populations and CO2 per person.

	CO2 per
	Person	Rank
China	7,734	9
US	16,073	1
India	1,872	10
Russia	12,275	5
Japan	9,900	6
Germany	9,641	7
Iran	7,504	8
Korea	12,267	4
Canada	15,441	3
Saudi Arabia	16,049	2

The last table below brings all this together. Here we see how each country did with respect to ranking on CO2 per GDP, per person, and per cow. Remember, a low rank (e.g. 1 or 2)  means more CO2 emission. So a low number is a high score on pollution -- a low number below is "bad". Thus a high number is "good".

The countries with the lowest scores and the worst CO2 rankings are S. Arabia, Russia, S. Korea, and Iran. For Russia and Iran the lowest rankings relate to higher CO2 per GDP.  Saudi Arabia gets poor scores because of high CO2 per person and per cow.

The countries with the highest (best) numbers did best on pollution emission. Germany was good across the board while India did well on account of not polluting in proportion to their large populations of people and cows.

The remaining countries were mostly in the middle. The USA, however, scored very poorly on CO2 per person though the USA did well when comparing CO2 to GDP. Japan doesn't seem to have enough cows.

Yes, some of this is facetious. But I reported it all for several reasons. First, I was well into my JD. Second, there might be some interpretations when you break down the numbers. It is obvious why a country with a huge population might have a small CO2 output per person or cow. But less obvious why China's CO2 per GDP is pretty strong despite having a very large GDP. Finally, this analysis suggests that any one-size-fits-all remedies may not succeed. CO2 emission might be strongly related to size of population, GDP, number of cows, policy or other things. What each country can or should do to improve CO2 should be the subject of much more analysis and discussion than I am hearing these days. We all nod when someone says that money and technology will solve the problem. I'm not sure it is that simple.

Summary of Ranks 
CO2 per
             GDP   Person   Cow   Sum
China      4            9           4        17
USA        8            1           9       17
India        3          10         10       23
Russia      2            5           5      12
Japan       9            6           2       17
Germany 10          7           7       24
Iran            1          8           6       15
S Korea     6          4            3       13
Canada      7           3           9       19
S. Arabia    5          2           1         8  

LFPR and the New Macroeconomics

The civilian labor force participation rate (LFPR) tells the percentage of the population that wants to work. That is, it counts those with jobs and adds those who are looking for jobs and relates that number to the size of the population. Not everyone wants to be in the labor force -- some are too young or too old. Some are busy getting education. Some are sick. Some don't want to work for a variety of reasons. So LFPR is never close to 100%. 

US LFPR generally increased after World War II until early 2001 after it reached a little more than 67% of the population. Since then it has been falling and was recorded as 62.7% in May 2017. This roughly 4% decline is meaningful -- 4% of the US population of 230 million people is about 9 million people who no longer participate in the labor force. To put that number of 9 million in perspective – that’s about how many people work in manufacturing. That’s like everyone in New Jersey deciding they would no longer take or look for a job. No New Jersey jokes please. 

This new 16-year trend is important. I am going to argue that it is very important and may constitute the beginning of a new phase of macroeconomics and policy. As I said last week, macro is becoming obsolete. Monetary and fiscal policy are out of bullets. Supply-side policy has political downsides. So what’s left?

The answer might reside in the LFPR. Today’s experts repeat over and over that the lackluster economic growth predicted for the future is caused by lack of business spending on capital and a reluctance of people to join the labor force. One could go further and say that the former is related to the latter – firms are pessimistic and won’t invest more because they see LFPR as a major problem and do not see a government that is doing anything about current economic challenges.

Future macroeconomic theory and policy, therefore, should be focused on LFPR. I have mused in this blog in the past that if labor is not forthcoming and if the labor that does come is not prepared for the jobs of the future, then maybe we should focus on that mismatch. In macro we usually take that mismatch as secondary and hope it will be solved by national economic growth induced from traditional monetary and fiscal policies. But that puts the cart before the horse. Maybe today we need to focus on labor mismatch and if we solve that then maybe economic growth will improve in the process.

This post today is a humble beginning in this direction, and my only goal is to shed some light on the data. Today I look at some of the data as it relates to the LFPR. I got the data from the FRED service at the St. Louis Federal Reserve Bank. I look at data from 2002 to 2017. The goal is to better understand or break down the above-mentioned roughly 4% decline in labor participation in the USA.

Consider first, men versus women. The table below shows that LFPR for both men and women fell between 2002 and 2017 – but it fell more for men – falling almost twice as much.

                        Women    Men   Gender Gap

2002                 59.6          73.9    14.3

2017                 57.0          69.0    12.0

Change             -2.6          -4.9    

Next, look at age. In 2002 almost 84% of those in the prime work ages (25-54) looked for and/or found work. Younger people worked too – 76% was the LFPR for those aged 16-24. Those 55 years or older had a much lower rate at 34%. The changes in the next 25 years are interesting. For the regular working ages the LFPR went down by only 2%. Those at the younger end found participation rates falling by at least twice as much as their seniors. As for the older folks, they are participating dramatically more – an increase of almost 6% in their LFPR!

                        25-54    55+  16-19 20-24

2002                83.7      34.2    76.7   75.4

2017                81.7      39.9    71.9   70.4

Change            -2.0      +5.7    -4.8    -5.0

Finally I look at education. The first column looks at high school graduates 25 years and older; the second is college graduates 25 years and older. The impacts of college education on LFPR are dramatic. While college-educated people did participate somewhat less in 2017, the change for high school grads was much larger – almost five times as large.

                        High School              College

2002                          64.4                75.4

2017                          58.0                74.0

Change                      -6.4                 -1.4

This excursion through some data is meant to be a first step in looking deeper into a major macroeconomic challenge. Surely this is not enough data to form solid conclusions. Curious minds would wonder about other and finer breakdowns as they relate to education, training, age, race, location, industry, and more.

What is going on in the last 16 years? This data suggests that the largest groups to explain a slowdown in labor participation are young males with less education. Surprisingly, older people who should be enjoying time on Alaskan cruises sipping JD seem to be increasing their participation.

A scientific friend of mine said that most good science starts with data and ends with understanding. Labor force participation data needs to be better understood. Then perhaps we will know WHY participation is flagging and perhaps what we can do about it. Let's get back to work!